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Birmingham, Alabama Issues Racial Segregation Ordinances
This selection of city ordinances from Birmingham, Alabama, highlights the often absurd lengths to which local leaders in the Deep South were willing to go in order to maintain the strict separation of races. These "Jim Crow" laws, passed by [...]
Map of Chicago's "Double Shift Schools," 1961
Chicago's School Board insisted that its overcrowded schools were not segregated and that there was no pattern of discrimination against black students. Activists in the 1950s and 1960s produced numerous reports that proved otherwise, documenting [...]
Map of Seattle's Black Population, 1960
Seattle's black population was segregated into the area known as the Central District through both de jure and de facto methods. Restrictive racial covenants written into housing deeds prevented blacks, Asians, Jews, and Native Americans from being [...]
African-American Women Recall Subtle Methods of Resisting Segregation
During the Jim Crow era, when overt resistance could lead to a lynching, many black people found subtle ways to combat the humiliation that they were daily subjected to. For Georgia Sutton, methods of coping included maintaining a cheerful facade [...]
Background Reading on Segregated Buses
This short reading can help students and teachers understand the experience of riding segregated public transportation.