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List of Murdered and Wounded Freedmen, 1868
Led by the self-styled “best men” of the South—planters, generals, lawyers and doctors—terrorist organizations like the White League and the Ku Klux Klan and paramilitary groups organized with the Democratic Party, led a [...]
Chart of Rights and Population in Revolutionary America
The 1770s and 1780s were a period of uneven social change in America. The first table shows the extent to which various groups in society could vote, serve on juries and own property through the 1780s. The second table shows a breakdown of the U.S. [...]
Statistics about Life in Five Points
Five Pointers were destitute when they arrived and settled in New York’s poorest and most run-down neighborhood. On top of this, Irish Five Pointers worked for some of the lowest wages in the most dangerous and unstable jobs in the city. [...]
Chart of Native American Child Apprentices, 1861
California passed two laws that established a system of Indian apprenticeship. The laws made it easy for any white person to claim young Indian laborers by taking a list of names to a judge and getting the judge’s signature. Sympathetic [...]
Graphs Showing Miners' Wages and Value of Gold Production, 1848-1860
In the early days of the Gold Rush, a miner could earn a typical year’s wages in a few days. With so much cash on hand, stores and boarding houses charged unheard-of prices for food, shelter and supplies. Increased competition, due to a [...]
War, Civil Liberties, and Security Opinion Poll
Ten years after the attacks of September 11, 2001, an organization of journalists and academics conducted a public opinion survey about civil liberties and security. The poll asked Americans if they favored or opposed a variety of policies designed [...]
Chart of Money Shown by Immigrants on Admission to the United States, 1905-1909
Immigration officials asked each new immigrant to report how much money they had. The purpose of the question was to determine whether the immigrant had enough money to reach his or her destination. Officials also wanted to deny admission to anyone [...]
Graph of Percentage of Teens Ages 14-18 Enrolled in School, 1910
Many immigrant teenagers dropped out of school in order to work. Teenage workers often gave their wages to their parents, in order to help pay for their families’ rent, food, and clothing. Teenagers worked in the same types of jobs as their [...]
Graphs of Immigrant Household Relationships by Gender and Ethnicity, 1910
Ellis Island immigrants lived in all sorts of arrangements. If people immigrated by themselves, it was common for them to live as boarders, paying rent, to someone else. Taking in boarders was an important source of income for other immigrant [...]
Graphs of Comparison of School Enrollment by Age, Gender, and Immigrant Group, 1910
The 1910 census counted how many children were enrolled in school (both public and parochial). Studies show that second generation American children (children of immigrants) were more likely to be enrolled in school than immigrant children. Whether [...]