1
10
7
-
Book (excerpt)
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>Work in the coal breakers is exceedingly hard and dangerous. Crouched over the chutes, the boys sit hour after hour, picking out the pieces of slate and other refuse from the coal as it rushes past to the washers. From the cramped position they have to assume, most of them become more or less deformed and bent-backed like old men. When a boy has been working for some time and begins to get round-shouldered, his fellows say that “He’s got his boy to carry round wherever he goes.” . . .</p>
<p>I once stood in a breaker for half an hour and tried to do the work a twelve-year-old boy was doing day after day, for ten hours at a stretch, for sixty cents a day. The gloom of the breaker appalled me. Outside the sun shone brightly, the air was pellucid [clear], and the birds sang in chorus with the trees and the rivers. Within the breaker there was blackness, clouds of deadly dust enfolded everything, the harsh, grinding roar of the machinery and the ceaseless rushing of coal through the chutes filled the ears. I tried to pick out the pieces of slate from the hurrying stream of coal, often missing them; my hands were bruised and cut in a few minutes; I was covered from head to foot with coal dust, and for many hours afterwards I was [spitting up] some of the small particles of anthracite I had swallowed.</p>
<p>I could not do that work and live, but there were boys of ten and twelve years of age doing it for fifty and sixty cents a day. Some of them had never been inside of a school; few of them could read a child’s primer. True, some of them attended the night schools, but after working ten hours in the breaker the educational results from attending school were practically nil. “We goes fer a good time, an‘ we keeps de guys wot’s dere hoppin’ all de time,” said little Owen Jones, whose work I had been trying to do. . . .</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A Reformer Describes Child Labor in the Coal Mines
Description
An account of the resource
John Spargo's <em>The Bitter Cry of Children</em>, published in 1906, was among the most influential and widely read accounts of child labor written during the Progressive era. Spargo described work at the coal breaker, the area outside the mine where coal was sorted and organized according to its quality, mostly by young children.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
John Spargo
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
John Spargo, <em>The Bitter Cry of Children</em> (New York: Macmillan, 1906), 163-165; from <em>History Matters: The U.S. Survey on the Web</em>, http://historymatters.gmu.edu/d/5571
Primary
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1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1906
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Industrialization and Expansion (1877-1913)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Work
Child Labor
Progressivism
-
Government Document
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>It is not possible for a man who has been working on a farm who is an adult—after the age of 21 years, for instance—to become a skilled employee in a cotton mill. His fingers are knotted and gnarled; he is slow in action, whereas activity is required in working in the cotton mills. Therefore, as a matter of necessity, the adult of the family had to come to the cotton mill as an unskilled employee, and it was the children of the family who became the skilled employees in the cotton mills. For that reason it was the children who had to support the families for the time being. I have seen instances in which a child of 12 years of age, working in the cotton mills, is earning one and one-half times as much as his father of 40 or 50 years of age.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A South Carolina Textile Mill Owner Explains Child Labor
Description
An account of the resource
In 1914 members of Congress were preparing to vote on the the Palmer-Owen Child Labor Bill, which would have banned interstate commerce in goods produced using the labor of children. Lewis Parker was the owner and manager of several textile mills, and he testified before the Congressional Committee on Labor about why his mills used children as workers.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
Lewis W. Parker
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Testimony of Lewis W. Parker to the Committee on Labor, House of Representatives, 63rd Congress, 2nd Session, May 22, 1914.
Primary
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1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1914
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Modern America (1914-1929)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Work
Child Labor
-
Government Document
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>In the absence of schools, the discipline of the mill and its training down to twelve years of age is much better for children than idleness and no discipline or training. . . . It would be far better to have ample school facilities and compel all children to go to school ten months in the year, and give them the other two months for vacations and recreation. But in the absence of such facilities, the discipline and training of the mill is best for the children of working people.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
A Southern Cotton Mill Owner Justifies Child Labor
Description
An account of the resource
Daniel Augustus Tompkins was an owner and investor in numerous cotton mills in North Carolina. His beliefs reflected those of many mill owners, who argued in favor of child labor.
Creator
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Daniel Augustus Tompkins
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
<em>North Carolina Bureau of Labor and Printing, Fifteenth Annual Report . . . 1901</em>, quoted in Jacquelyn Dowd Hall, et al. eds., <em>Like a Family: The Making of a Southern Cotton Mill World</em> (University of North Carolina Press, 1987), 58.
Primary
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1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1901
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Industrialization and Expansion (1877-1913)
Child Labor
-
Newspaper/Magazine
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>It is the impulsive thing to say that children should never be employed; that they should be kept at home during the tender years, and that their schooling should have priority over the formation of business habits. Theoretically this is right, but the needs of the poor are little known. Many of the children who are employed as helpers, messengers, cash boys and minor laborers in shops, foundries, factories, offices and as venders, are the mainstay of families that live, God knows how, for the one who should be the bread winner is an invalid, a cripple, a paralytic, and would be in the charity hospital or the almshouse were it not that the instinct of family unity is as strong and admirable among the humble as among the rich. If all children are to be released from employment we must immensely widen our charities to care for their parents.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The <em>Brooklyn Eagle </em>Defends Some Kinds of Child Labor
Description
An account of the resource
In this 1902 editorial, the <em>Brooklyn Eagle</em> describes the conditions that require some children to work for wages to support their families.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<em>Brooklyn Eagle</em>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
"Work for Children," <em>Brooklyn Eagle</em> 17 March 1902, 4, from <em>Brooklyn Daily Eagle Online</em>, www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/eagle/
Primary
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1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1902
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Industrialization and Expansion (1877-1913)
Child Labor
-
Newspaper/Magazine
Text
Any textual data included in the document.
<p>It is easy to say that the employers are to blame for the employment of children in and about the mines. They are, in part; yet since action was begun against violators of the factory law it has appeared that parents are the chief sinners. The ignorant Slavs, Huns and Italians who now people the region lie their offspring into employment, declaring that they are older than they seem to be. . . . A ragged urchin, led by his father into the presence of a justice that the father has helped to elect, will receive permission to work without any inquiry as to whether he knows his alphabet or can add two and two together. . . .The parents are the worst offenders, however. They are a greedy, unclean company. . . . For a few cents a day they sell these children into bondage, whereas, if they could see a little into the future they would realize that the trained child will earn more than the child who has never been to school. . . . The ignorance, perversion, brutality, the dense animalism that prevail in some of the mining districts, must be shaped by force of law to decency and the form of righteousness.</p>
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The <em>Brooklyn Eagle</em> Condemns Child Labor in Mines
Description
An account of the resource
In this 1902 editorial, the <em>Brooklyn Eagle</em> strongly criticizes parents who sent their children to work in mines, work that the newspaper saw as dangerous and unhealthy for children.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
<em>Brooklyn Eagle</em>
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
"Child Labor in the North," <em>Brooklyn Eagle</em> 23 December 1902, 4, from <em>Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1841-1902 Online</em>, www.brooklynpubliclibrary.org/eagle/
Primary
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1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1902
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Industrialization and Expansion (1877-1913)
Child Labor
-
https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/files/original/5946cc96cd26ab545db6ac3bdef44228.jpg
b17c85bdd1ca058bd3d5208e22ba6b3b
Omeka Image File
The metadata element set that was included in the `files_images` table in previous versions of Omeka. These elements are common to all image files.
Bit Depth
8
Channels
1
Height
640
Width
509
Poster/Print
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
The National Child Labor Committee Seeks Members
Description
An account of the resource
The National Child Labor Committee was organized in 1904 by reformers concerned about the safety, health, and education of working children. It campaigned for state and federal laws that would ban child labor and require public education. Among its most effective methods of persuading the public were photographs taken by Lewis W. Hine of children working in mines, factories, fields, and city streets.
Creator
An entity primarily responsible for making the resource
National Child Labor Committee
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
National Child Labor Committee poster, Library of Congress.
Primary
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1
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
1915
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Modern America (1914-1929)
Child Labor
Lewis Hine
Progressivism
-
https://shec.ashp.cuny.edu/files/original/c1fe0c9af2e07ff485f28b8943eaa640.png
56c6c8f79354cdb551417d6f6fc79920
Dublin Core
The Dublin Core metadata element set is common to all Omeka records, including items, files, and collections. For more information see, http://dublincore.org/documents/dces/.
Title
A name given to the resource
Children Working in a Shrimp Cannery (1911)
Subject
The topic of the resource
Work
Date
A point or period of time associated with an event in the lifecycle of the resource
February 1911
Coverage
The spatial or temporal topic of the resource, the spatial applicability of the resource, or the jurisdiction under which the resource is relevant
Industrialization and Expansion (1877-1913)
Primary
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Primary
Description
An account of the resource
This 1911 photograph depicts workers, including two young children, picking shrimp in a cannery in Biloxi, Mississippi. Shrimp canneries often employed entire families, many of them immigrants, who worked peeling, cleaning, and cooking shrimp that was then packaged to be sold to American consumers. The photographer, Lewis Hine, was a sociologist and muckraker (an investigative journalist who exposed sources of corruption in various American institutions). Hine used photography to reveal problems within American labor systems; much of his photography highlighted the work being done by children. Hine's caption for this image said "Eight-year-old Max, one of the young shrimp pickers in the Dunbar, Lopez, Dukate Company. Only a small force was working that day." In 1908, Hine became the photographer for the National Child Labor Committee, a organization dedicated to protecting child laborers and raising awareness about the conditions in which many worked. Eventually, his photographs played a critical role in the passage of child labor laws in the United States.
Source
A related resource from which the described resource is derived
Hine, Lewis Wickes, "Eight-year-old Max, one of the young shrimp pickers in the Dunbar, Lopez, Dukate Company. Only a small force was working that day. Location: Biloxi, Mississippi," 1911. Library of Congress, https://www.loc.gov/resource/nclc.00843/.
Relation
A related resource
2037
Child Labor
Mississippi
Work